Is the Christmas tree pagan, or perhaps even Satanic? Or does it belong in the center of our living rooms, not just because it's fun and "makes the holiday" bright, but because it is a symbol of ultimate truths at the core of the Christian faith, and how God prepared the world for the Gospel of Jesus?
The following is a Christmas-related exerpt from my last book, How Jesus Passes the Outsider Test: The Inside Story. There I go on to tell the story of how early Christians began to make use of these analogies to present the Gospel story from within Germanic culture -- beginning with the Christmas tree. If you like this, read the rest of the book! It's not too late to put into someone's Kindle stocking. -- DM
The following is a Christmas-related exerpt from my last book, How Jesus Passes the Outsider Test: The Inside Story. There I go on to tell the story of how early Christians began to make use of these analogies to present the Gospel story from within Germanic culture -- beginning with the Christmas tree. If you like this, read the rest of the book! It's not too late to put into someone's Kindle stocking. -- DM
After Rome “Christianized” in the fourth and fifth centuries, several developments sapped the
evangelic zeal of the faith. First, while it was still persecuted, the Gospel had spread mostly
through enthusiastic networks of lay believers. But burdened by state favor, the Church became n
o longer a family huddled together against a hostile world, but a wise career move for ambitious
young men of the aristocratic class.
Second, Christianity came to be identified with Roman culture. "Roman and barbarian are as distinct
one from the other as are four-footed beast from humans," was the view of statesman and poet
Prudentius, an official under Theodisius I. (The Barbarian Conversion: From Paganism to
Christianity, Richard Fletcher, 25) Third, under Roman pressure, neighboring powers reacted to a
Christianized Rome by persecuting their own believers, who even if they belonged to Arian,
Coptic, or Nestorian churches, smelled to sensitive political noses like fellow-travelers, their third-column ideology wafting a whiff of potential treachery onto the breeze.
Fourth, the concept of cross-cultural missions faded. Why bother preaching to those one saw as no better
than donkeys or camels? Crossing oceans and deserts to far countries where uncouth languages were spoken,
people worshiped strange gods and ate strange foods (maybe even you) was a bold step at the
best of times. Even Peter, with the Great Commission still ringing in his ears, needed a divine
kick in the rear just to visit his friendly neighbor Cornelius. But the civilizational line between
“in” and “out” grew into a fence, and the fence into a wall. Language and culture buttressed that
wall, tribalism embedded broken glass on top, and international politics set armed guards at its
gates. Waves of Huns, Vikings, and Moors broke upon that wall with the fury of winter storms.
Our fiction reflects their emotional reality: Europe became Minis Tirith surrounded by armies of
goblins, cave trolls, and swarthy Southrons with scimitars riding armored oliphants just as
Hannibal broke through the Alps towards Rome – not brothers and sisters for whom Christ
died.
than donkeys or camels? Crossing oceans and deserts to far countries where uncouth languages were spoken,
people worshiped strange gods and ate strange foods (maybe even you) was a bold step at the
best of times. Even Peter, with the Great Commission still ringing in his ears, needed a divine
kick in the rear just to visit his friendly neighbor Cornelius. But the civilizational line between
“in” and “out” grew into a fence, and the fence into a wall. Language and culture buttressed that
wall, tribalism embedded broken glass on top, and international politics set armed guards at its
gates. Waves of Huns, Vikings, and Moors broke upon that wall with the fury of winter storms.
Our fiction reflects their emotional reality: Europe became Minis Tirith surrounded by armies of
goblins, cave trolls, and swarthy Southrons with scimitars riding armored oliphants just as
Hannibal broke through the Alps towards Rome – not brothers and sisters for whom Christ
died.
St. Patrick admits in his Confessions that even he needed divine prodding to go to the Irish. He had
been kidnapped as a boy and enslaved in Ireland. Stealing home in response to a dream, in
another dream a crowd of Irish called, “We beg you, holy boy, to come and walk with us again.”
Patrick returned, ignited the re-evangelism and education of Europe, and spoke out against
the slavery that had spirited him away.
the slavery that had spirited him away.
Christianity thus slowly crept northward after the collapse of Roman power, through occasional
missionaries who remembered Christ’s words, or saw visions, through captives and runaways to
Armenia, Georgia, and Yemen (FN: or so legend told, see Andrea Sterk, Church History [March
2010], 1-39, “Mission from Below: Captive Women and Conversion on the East Roman Frontiers”),
and perhaps most often of all through Christian girls who wed pagan kings. (It being the duty of a
queen, said one 9th Century Medieval coronation, “to summon barbarous peoples to
acknowledgement of the Truth.” [Fletcher, 123])
Armenia, Georgia, and Yemen (FN: or so legend told, see Andrea Sterk, Church History [March
2010], 1-39, “Mission from Below: Captive Women and Conversion on the East Roman Frontiers”),
and perhaps most often of all through Christian girls who wed pagan kings. (It being the duty of a
queen, said one 9th Century Medieval coronation, “to summon barbarous peoples to
acknowledgement of the Truth.” [Fletcher, 123])
But on its southern and eastern borders, Islam conquered, and Christendom began to shrink. True,
some Nestorians preached in Central Asia and Tang China, perhaps making it as far as Japan, but
their message was mostly confined to ethnic minorities. The Gospel did not fail because it was
genuinely alien to the great Middle Eastern and Asian cultures in which it secured a nominal
presence, as we shall see. But forced to wear strange clothes and live in ethnic ghettos, with
death the penalty for converting from Islam and some other ferocious local ideologies, numerous
barriers kept non-Europeans from even considering the Gospel.
At the time, it became increasingly nominal among Europeans who could not or (after the Council of
Narbonne in 1229) were not allowed to read the Bible for themselves.
some Nestorians preached in Central Asia and Tang China, perhaps making it as far as Japan, but
their message was mostly confined to ethnic minorities. The Gospel did not fail because it was
genuinely alien to the great Middle Eastern and Asian cultures in which it secured a nominal
presence, as we shall see. But forced to wear strange clothes and live in ethnic ghettos, with
death the penalty for converting from Islam and some other ferocious local ideologies, numerous
barriers kept non-Europeans from even considering the Gospel.
At the time, it became increasingly nominal among Europeans who could not or (after the Council of
Narbonne in 1229) were not allowed to read the Bible for themselves.
Yet Christ did not travel north as a stranger. He arrived as Germania’s truest friend and much-anticipated savior. The imprint of his impression on the North, like the marks of glaciers across
Norway’s bedrock, can be seen in early Christian art, tombs, churches, the Christmas tree, the
peculiar Germanic Gospel called the Heliand, that odd mix of bravado and faith, Beowulf, and
in tales recorded and interpreted by the Brothers Grimm. But two poems, one by a pagan, the
other by a Christian, reveal the Viking Christ most remarkably, and to them we turn to follow
the story.
Norway’s bedrock, can be seen in early Christian art, tombs, churches, the Christmas tree, the
peculiar Germanic Gospel called the Heliand, that odd mix of bravado and faith, Beowulf, and
in tales recorded and interpreted by the Brothers Grimm. But two poems, one by a pagan, the
other by a Christian, reveal the Viking Christ most remarkably, and to them we turn to follow
the story.
Baldur the Beautiful
The Poetic Edda, recorded by northern pagans as Christianity pressed in from the south, holds a
great deposit of pre-Christian beliefs. In the most famous of these poems, The Voluspa, a wise woman named Vulva
is brought to life and bid speak by the highest god Odin. As one of the three norns (signifying past,
present and future), she tells of the Creation and of the World Tree, the Yggdrasil where the gods
met, with its three great roots. She warns that Creation itself and the work of the gods would some
day come to ruin. But after that, she promises, a new world would be born. In interpolated stanzas
that would catch the eye of a modern philologist with a penchant for story-telling, she also names several dozen dwarves: Dain, Bifur, Bofur, Bombur, Nori, Dori, Ori, Fili,
Kili – not to mention Gandalf, the “magic elf.”
great deposit of pre-Christian beliefs. In the most famous of these poems, The Voluspa, a wise woman named Vulva
is brought to life and bid speak by the highest god Odin. As one of the three norns (signifying past,
present and future), she tells of the Creation and of the World Tree, the Yggdrasil where the gods
met, with its three great roots. She warns that Creation itself and the work of the gods would some
day come to ruin. But after that, she promises, a new world would be born. In interpolated stanzas
that would catch the eye of a modern philologist with a penchant for story-telling, she also names several dozen dwarves: Dain, Bifur, Bofur, Bombur, Nori, Dori, Ori, Fili,
Kili – not to mention Gandalf, the “magic elf.”
While these poems reveal a surprisingly magical and poignant mental world for such apparently
uncouth savages, it would be a Jew of peasant stock, from a distant land where only one god was
recognized, who would best realize its central elements.
uncouth savages, it would be a Jew of peasant stock, from a distant land where only one god was
recognized, who would best realize its central elements.
First, the poet draws our attention to a tree:
An ash I know, | Yggsdrasil its name,
With water white | is the great tree wet;
Thence come the dews | that fall in the dales,
Green by Urth's well | does it ever grow.
With water white | is the great tree wet;
Thence come the dews | that fall in the dales,
Green by Urth's well | does it ever grow.
The World Tree, as Germanic scholar Ronald Murphy put it, is “a sacred and universal tree which
is invisible, but is the very structure, the living energy exchange, of the whole universe, at the l
iving heart of Germanic mythology.” (172)
is invisible, but is the very structure, the living energy exchange, of the whole universe, at the l
iving heart of Germanic mythology.” (172)
Urth signified the past. Her healing waters kept the tree green. Three wise women dwelt under
this tree who made laws, gave life to humans, and determined their fates, she being one of the three.
this tree who made laws, gave life to humans, and determined their fates, she being one of the three.
Vulva also tells how Baldur, son of the High God, best of all gods and thought invulnerable, was
killed by mistletoe, an apparently harmless plant that grows on many European tree species.
killed by mistletoe, an apparently harmless plant that grows on many European tree species.
The Poetic Edda described Baldur’s fate as follows:
I saw for Baldur, | the bleeding god,
The son of Odin, | his destiny set:
The son of Odin, | his destiny set:
Baldur having died, another of Odin’s sons, Thor, fought a deadly serpent to mutual destruction,
while the World Tree shook and shivered. The gods were doomed to ultimately be defeated by
Giants and the forces of Chaos. Yet Hope would not die. In the end, the wise woman prophesied:
while the World Tree shook and shivered. The gods were doomed to ultimately be defeated by
Giants and the forces of Chaos. Yet Hope would not die. In the end, the wise woman prophesied:
Now do I see | the earth anew
Rise all green | from the waves again . . .
Rise all green | from the waves again . . .
Then fields unsowed | bear ripened fruit,
All ills grow better, | and Baldur comes back . . .
All ills grow better, | and Baldur comes back . . .
There comes on high, | all power to hold,
A mighty lord, | all lands he rules.
A mighty lord, | all lands he rules.
Thus this great pagan myth pronounced doom upon pagan gods, and prophesied that a greater
world would be born out of the wreckage of the old. (So also, the Third Age in the Lord of the
Rings passes as the elves leave Middle Earth, and Narnia dies so a better Narnia can come to life.)
The fact that Norse paganism prophesied its own eclipse was by itself remarkable enough for
historian Will Durant, not himself a Christian, to plaintively wonder (not neglecting to add a
reference to Norwegian politics):
Rings passes as the elves leave Middle Earth, and Narnia dies so a better Narnia can come to life.)
The fact that Norse paganism prophesied its own eclipse was by itself remarkable enough for
historian Will Durant, not himself a Christian, to plaintively wonder (not neglecting to add a
reference to Norwegian politics):
“In this Twilight of the Gods all the universe fell to ruin: not merely sun and planets and stars,
but at the last, Valhalla itself, and all warriors and deities; only Hope survived – that in the
movement of slow time a new earth would form, a new heaven, a better justice, and a higher god
than Odin or Thor. Perhaps that mighty fable symbolized the victory of Christianity, and the
hardy blows that the two Olafs struck for Christ. Or had the Viking poets come to doubt – and
bury – their gods?” (The Age of Faith, 508)
but at the last, Valhalla itself, and all warriors and deities; only Hope survived – that in the
movement of slow time a new earth would form, a new heaven, a better justice, and a higher god
than Odin or Thor. Perhaps that mighty fable symbolized the victory of Christianity, and the
hardy blows that the two Olafs struck for Christ. Or had the Viking poets come to doubt – and
bury – their gods?” (The Age of Faith, 508)
Yet the Twilight (or doom) of the gods by itself might not seem to open the door to Christianity
anymore than to any other rival that could have happened along just then – say Islam, Mormonism,
or (if the giants had their way) Richard Dawkins’ New Atheism. It is remarkable that pagan myth
would prophesy the passing away of pagan gods. This shows that the door to Viking culture, like
that into Smaug’s lair, had opened a crack: outsider faiths could get a foot in the door. But it does
not ensure that Christianity alone would pass this peculiar test, defeat the dragon, and inherit his
northern treasures.
anymore than to any other rival that could have happened along just then – say Islam, Mormonism,
or (if the giants had their way) Richard Dawkins’ New Atheism. It is remarkable that pagan myth
would prophesy the passing away of pagan gods. This shows that the door to Viking culture, like
that into Smaug’s lair, had opened a crack: outsider faiths could get a foot in the door. But it does
not ensure that Christianity alone would pass this peculiar test, defeat the dragon, and inherit his
northern treasures.
Yet there is more. There is also the Yggdrasil, the World Tree, with its trinity of roots, which by
stretching out its universal “sacred canopy” and paradoxically juxtaposing life and death, reminds
us of the tree from which Eve ate, the wood Isaac carried up the mountain, and of an old Roman
cross. Odin hung on that tree, and died as a sacrifice to himself.
stretching out its universal “sacred canopy” and paradoxically juxtaposing life and death, reminds
us of the tree from which Eve ate, the wood Isaac carried up the mountain, and of an old Roman
cross. Odin hung on that tree, and died as a sacrifice to himself.
In another Eddic work, “The Sayings of the High One,” Odin gives advice to someone named
Ragged Dragon about avoiding fools, finding and keeping a good woman, and what to take for
constipation or witchcraft. Then out of the blue, like a Viking captain who has settled trivial
domestic matters and then casts off and sets out to sea, he launches his disquisition into mystical
dimensions:
Ragged Dragon about avoiding fools, finding and keeping a good woman, and what to take for
constipation or witchcraft. Then out of the blue, like a Viking captain who has settled trivial
domestic matters and then casts off and sets out to sea, he launches his disquisition into mystical
dimensions:
“I know that I hung on a wintry tree nine long nights, wounded with a spear, dedicated to Odin,
myself to myself, on that tree of which no man knows from where its roots run.” (34)
myself to myself, on that tree of which no man knows from where its roots run.” (34)
The death of the ruling god on a tree as a sacrifice, pierced with a spear, is fulfilled in an uncanny
way by Christ, while passing Islam or even modern Scandinavian Secular Humanism like a
dragon-prowed longboat in the night.
way by Christ, while passing Islam or even modern Scandinavian Secular Humanism like a
dragon-prowed longboat in the night.
Some versions of the story say that the Yggsdrasil would open and admit one boy and one girl.
The Brothers Grimm echo this tale by having Hansel and Gretel take refuge at night in a tree.
Ronald Murphy also suggests that the architecture of the stave churches of Norway, along with
that of Gothic cathedrals, symbolizes how the cross protects those who enter from judgment and
the wrath of the dragon. (The Owl, the Raven, and the Dove, 175))
The Brothers Grimm echo this tale by having Hansel and Gretel take refuge at night in a tree.
Ronald Murphy also suggests that the architecture of the stave churches of Norway, along with
that of Gothic cathedrals, symbolizes how the cross protects those who enter from judgment and
the wrath of the dragon. (The Owl, the Raven, and the Dove, 175))
But the story of Jesus found yet more purchase in Norse mythology: Baldur the beautiful, having
died, somehow returns to life.
died, somehow returns to life.
“Vafthrudnir’s Sayings” records an intellectual duel between Odin and the giant Vafthrudnir. The
giant asks Odin several questions, all of which Odin answers easily (the alternative being death, as
with the riddle contest between Bilbo and Gollum.) What is the name of the horse that draws night
to the gods? What is the river that divides the worlds of gods and of giants? Then Odin asks V
afthrudnir questions in return, all of which the giant fields easily, until the final question. Again
as with Bilbo, Odin seems almost to be musing to himself when he poses this last, unfairly
personal question:
giant asks Odin several questions, all of which Odin answers easily (the alternative being death, as
with the riddle contest between Bilbo and Gollum.) What is the name of the horse that draws night
to the gods? What is the river that divides the worlds of gods and of giants? Then Odin asks V
afthrudnir questions in return, all of which the giant fields easily, until the final question. Again
as with Bilbo, Odin seems almost to be musing to himself when he poses this last, unfairly
personal question:
“What did Odin say into the ear of his son before he mounted the pyre?”
The giant finally perceives who he is speaking with, and replies:
“No man knows what you said in bygone days into your son’s ear.”
Medieval scholar Carolyne Larrington explains:
“No one but Odin knows what was whispered in Baldr’s ear: it is assumed that it was a promise of
resurrection.”
“No one but Odin knows what was whispered in Baldr’s ear: it is assumed that it was a promise of
resurrection.”
The name Baldur would echo down the centuries into the ears of another young lover of stories,
one “Jack” Lewis. In Surprised by Joy, Lewis described the impact he felt as a young man simply
at reading the poet Longfellow’s words, “Baldur the Beautiful is dead!” reigniting a search for joy
that led through Norse mythology and ultimately to Christ. Using images every reader of his
famous The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe will recognize, he would later recall how the
words “Baldur the Beautiful is dead” moved him, “as if the Arctic itself should change instantly
into a landscape of grass and primroses and orchards in bloom, deafened with bird songs and astir
with running water.” – (Surprised by Joy, Harcourt, Brace, & Co, 1955, 72) In other words,
hearing of the death of Baldur paradoxically proved the moment at which Narnia’s winter first
broke in the heart of its creator. Future fellow mythologist J. R. R. Tolkien and others helped
Lewis see such stories as “prophetic dreams.” Thus the death of a pagan god awoke a lapsed
Christian to spiritual life, recognizing how the Son of God brings life through death in truth.
one “Jack” Lewis. In Surprised by Joy, Lewis described the impact he felt as a young man simply
at reading the poet Longfellow’s words, “Baldur the Beautiful is dead!” reigniting a search for joy
that led through Norse mythology and ultimately to Christ. Using images every reader of his
famous The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe will recognize, he would later recall how the
words “Baldur the Beautiful is dead” moved him, “as if the Arctic itself should change instantly
into a landscape of grass and primroses and orchards in bloom, deafened with bird songs and astir
with running water.” – (Surprised by Joy, Harcourt, Brace, & Co, 1955, 72) In other words,
hearing of the death of Baldur paradoxically proved the moment at which Narnia’s winter first
broke in the heart of its creator. Future fellow mythologist J. R. R. Tolkien and others helped
Lewis see such stories as “prophetic dreams.” Thus the death of a pagan god awoke a lapsed
Christian to spiritual life, recognizing how the Son of God brings life through death in truth.
So in this pagan poem, central elements of the Gospel are encrypted, like a key under the porch,
allowing Christ to open a door into northern lands, letting himself in not as a guest, or even merely
as a friend, but like Aragorn, a forgotten, sacrificial, and ultimately healing king who passes
through paths of the dead to save the people who have forgotten him.
allowing Christ to open a door into northern lands, letting himself in not as a guest, or even merely
as a friend, but like Aragorn, a forgotten, sacrificial, and ultimately healing king who passes
through paths of the dead to save the people who have forgotten him.
Wilhelm Grimm |
have not quite forgotten the World Tree, Baldur the Beautiful, the death of the gods, or even the
names of otherwise obscure ancient dwarves.
But even before the Poetic Edda was set down on paper, at least one Christian seemed to recognize
how his or her own Norse culture laid out the welcome mat for Christ.
how his or her own Norse culture laid out the welcome mat for Christ.
Excellent as usual! Thanks, David!
ReplyDeleteExcellent as usual! Thanks, David!
ReplyDeleteThanks. Sorry for the bad fonts.
ReplyDeleteI looked at the page source, and after the first two paragraphs it's a mess. Words are separated by nbsps. Each line is it's own div and span. Lots of strange stuff in there.
ReplyDeleteYes, I tried a new post today, and it was really a mess. Any advice?
ReplyDeleteFor one thing, I don't know what "nbsps," "div" and "span" mean.
ReplyDelete